> Information on this page has been adapted from Linda V. Berens, Linda K. Ernst, and Melissa A. Smith, Quick Guide to the 16 Personality Types and Teams: Applying Team Essentials™ to Create Effective Teams (Telos Publications, 2004).

Temperament Theory [4 to 16]
As David Keirsey developed his theory of the four temperaments, he began to display them to show the aspects the four temperaments have in common. As Linda Berens expanded on his work, she began to consistently display the Catalyst (the types with N and F in their type codes) and the Stabilizer (those with S and J in their codes) on the top of the matrix to show that these two temperaments have in common a social attitude—they tend to take more affiliative roles and focus on interdependence. The Theorist temperament (with N and T in their codes) and the Improviser (with S and P in their codes) are on the bottom of the matrix to show that they have in common a more pragmatic, do-what-it-takes attitude that focuses on autonomy and independence. On the left are the two temperaments that tend to speak abstractly (Catalyst and Theorist) and on the right are the two that tend to speak in more tangible terms (Stabilizer and Improviser).

Interaction Styles [4 to 16]
The Interaction Styles model is based on observable behavior patterns of interaction with others, especially when we are trying to influence others. These patterns tell us the “how” of our behavior,

The Interaction Styles can be arranged in a matrix that describes their similarities and things in common. The left side of the matrix displays the types with a Directing communication style and a time and task focus. On the right side of the matrix are the types with an Informing communication style and a process and motivation focus. On the top of the matrix are the types who tend to take a Responding role with others, waiting to see what is happening before interacting. On the bottom of the matrix are the types who tend to take an Initiating role with others, making the first move. Diagonally, the types in the upper right-hand quadrant and the lower left-hand quadrant share an interest in control. The types in the upper left-hand quadrant and the lower right-hand quadrant share an interest in movement.

Cognitive Dynamics /

Cognitive Processes

[Seeing the Pattern]
Carl Jung identified eight cognitive processes (also called functions or mental processes). Each type code stands for a pattern of these eight cognitive processes. John Beebe, a modern Jungian analyst, developed a model of each of the patterns in terms of the archetypal role each process plays in the pattern. The table below lists the sixteen type patterns and some user-friendly terms for the roles of each process in each pattern.

Resources

Self-Discovery	The 16 Personality Types, Descriptions for Self-Discovery is an invaluable tool for users of the MBTI and related instruments. These descriptions present a living systems approach to describing the 16 types. Dr. Berens and Dr. Nardi have captured the essence of the 16 type patterns and crafted descriptions to be used to by individuals to clarify their best-fit type.....See Product...
Organizations	The Quick Guide to the 16 Personality Types in Organizations is written by leading experts in the theory of personality type and its applications. This booklet helps you develop your personal effectiveness within the workplace by providing two full pages of information about each of the sixteen personality types under the topics of Problem Solving, Leadership, Creativity, Teams, Stress, Learning, Career Mastery, and Personal Development. Also included is an appendix that will help you understand the eight MTR-i team roles....See Product...
Career Mastery	The Quick Guide to the 16 Personality Types and Career Mastery was written to help you bring the principles and practices of personal mastery to your career development. Career Mastery is about clarifying your purpose, honing your intent, finding and managing a career, and working effectively in any given job or role. Mastering your career means consciously engaging each of the Elements of Career Mastery™ ‹five processes that are essential to discovering and building a career as well as enhancing your success and development in your current work role.....See Product...
Teams	As individuals, we are each complex and adaptable, and one’s behavior may not reflect natural preferences but rather the demands of the situation and the ways one has developed. This Quick Guide to the 16 Personality Types and Teams is a booklet for those who want to maximize the performance of their team through a better understanding of the interrelated influences on team dynamics and team success. It is written to help create a multidimensional awareness of one’s contributions to a team and to give readers the tools to understand the talents, contributions, and perspectives of others...See Product...
Development	Understanding Yourself and Others®: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code presents a first-of-its-kind look at the sixteen personality types and takes you deep into the richness of the patterns. You will explore the whole range of cognitive processes available to you for accessing and gathering information and for evaluating that information as well as how those processes play out in your personality in both positive and negative ways...See Product...